Goethe-Universität — Press releases

Mar 24 2025

11:10

30-meter sediment core from the “Great Blue Hole” in Belize provides longest recorded storm frequency data for the Atlantic

5,700-Year Storm Archive Shows Rise in Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the Caribbean

A storm, even once it has passed, can leave traces in the ocean that last for thousands of years. These consist of sediment layers composed of coarse particles, which are different from the finer sediments associated with good weather. In the Caribbean, an international research team led by Goethe University Frankfurt has now examined such sediments using a 30 m long core from a “blue hole” offshore Belize. The analysis shows that over the past 5,700 years, the frequency of tropical storms and hurricanes in the region has steadily increased. For the 21st century, the research team predicts a significant rise in regional storm frequency as a result of climate change.

FRANKFURT. In the shallow waters of the Lighthouse Reef Atoll, located 80 kilometers off the coast of the small Central American country of Belize, the seabed suddenly drops steeply. Resembling a dark blue eye surrounded by coral reefs, the “Great Blue Hole” is a 125-meter-deep underwater cave with a diameter of 300 meters, which originated thousands of years ago from a karst cave located on a limestone island. During the last ice age, the cave’s roof collapsed. As ice sheets melted and global sea level started to rise, the cave was subsequently flooded.

In the summer of 2022, a team of scientists – led by Prof. Eberhard Gischler, head of the Biosedimentology Research Group at Goethe University Frankfurt, and funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) – transported a drilling platform over the open sea to the “Great Blue Hole.” They then proceeded to extract a 30-meter sediment core from the underwater cave, which has been accumulating sediment for approximately 20,000 years. The core was subsequently analyzed by a research team from the universities of Frankfurt, Cologne, Göttingen, Hamburg, and Bern.

Coarse layers are a testimony to tropical storms

Some 7,200 years ago, the former limestone island of what is now Lighthouse Reef was inundated by the sea. The layered sediments at the bottom of the “Great Blue Hole” serve as archive for extreme weather events of the past 5,700 years, including tropical storms and hurricanes. Dr. Dominik Schmitt, a researcher in the Biosedimentology Research Group and the study’s lead author, explains: “Due to the unique environmental conditions – including oxygen-free bottom water and several stratified water layers – fine marine sediments could settle largely undisturbed in the ‘Great Blue Hole.’ Inside the sediment core, they look a bit like tree rings, with the annual layers alternating in color between gray-green and light green depending on organic content.” Storm waves and storm surges transported coarse particles from the atoll’s eastern reef edge into the “Great Blue Hole”, forming distinct sedimentary event layers (tempestites) at the bottom. “The tempestites stand out from the fair-weather gray-green sediments in terms of grain size, composition, and color, which ranges from beige to white,” says Schmitt.

The research team identified and precisely dated a total of 574 storm events over the past 5,700 years, offering unprecedented insights into climate fluctuations and hurricane cycles in the southwestern Caribbean. Instrumental data and human records available to date had only covered the past 175 years.

Rising incidence of storms in the southwestern Caribbean

The distribution of storm event layers in the sediment core reveals that the frequency of tropical storms and hurricanes in the southwestern Caribbean has steadily increased over the past six millennia. Schmitt explains: “A key factor has been the southward shift of the equatorial low-pressure zone. Known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone, this zone influences the location of major storm formation areas in the Atlantic and determines how tropical storms and hurricanes move and where they make landfall in the Caribbean.”

The research team was also able to correlate higher sea-surface temperatures with increased storm activity. Schmitt states: “These shorter-term fluctuations align with five distinct warm and cold climate periods, which also impacted water temperatures in the tropical Atlantic.”

Climate change results in greater storm activity

Over the past six millennia, between four and sixteen tropical storms and hurricanes passed over the “Great Blue Hole” per century. However, the nine storm layers from the past 20 years indicate that extreme weather events will be significantly more frequent in this region in the 21st century. Gischler warns: “Our results suggest that some 45 tropical storms and hurricanes could pass over this region in our century alone. This would far exceed the natural variability of the past millennia.” Natural climate fluctuations cannot account for this increase, the researchers emphasize, pointing instead to the ongoing warming during the Industrial Age, which results in rising ocean temperatures and stronger global La Niña events, thereby creating optimal conditions for frequent storm formation and their rapid intensification.

Publication: Dominik Schmitt, Eberhard Gischler, Martin Melles, Volker Wennrich, Hermann Behling, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Flavio S. Anselmetti, Hendrik Vogel, Jörn Peckmann, Daniel Birgel. An annually resolved 5700-year storm archive reveals drivers of Caribbean cyclone frequency. Science Advances (2025) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads5624

Picture download:
https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/169686884

Captions:
1) Drone image from 200 meters height above the “Great Blue Hole,” showing the drilling platform anchored in the center. Visible in the background is the edge of the Lighthouse Reef Atoll. Photo: Eberhard Gischler
2) The analyzed drill core (BH8-18/2) from a depth of 100-140 centimeters shows the greenish-gray, fine-grained marine sediments with annual layering. A total of 13 coarse-grained event layers (tempestites, EL36 to 47) stand out clearly due to their white-beige color and distinct composition compared to the fair-weather sediments. Photo from: Schmitt et al. 2025; Supplementary Materials
3) Event layer frequency in the “Great Blue Hole” in 100-year counting windows. The black line represents the 5,700-year trend towards increasing storm frequency in the southwestern Caribbean. The bar chart highlights superordinate short-term fluctuations (increased activity = red; decreased activity = blue), which correlate with warmer and colder Holocene climate periods. Green and brown bars: event-layers, not related to a storm, from the period before the complete flooding of the “Great Blue Hole,” which were, therefore, not included in the frequency reconstruction. Chart from: Schmitt et al. 2025; Supplementary Materials

Further information:
Professor Eberhard Gischler
Head of Biosedimentology Group
Institute of Geosciences
Goethe University Frankfurt
Tel. +49 (0)69 798-40183
gischler@em.uni-frankfurt.de

Dr. Dominik Schmitt
Tel. +49 (0)69 798-40174
d.schmitt@em.uni-frankfurt.de

https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/69742059/Gischler___Homepage

Mar 21 2025

12:19

International research team led by Professor Michael Rieger from Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt analyzes blood stem cell developmental pathways

Nursery of the Blood: How Stem Cells Calm the Body’s Immune Response

Our blood consists of many cell types that develop through different stages from a precursor type – the blood stem cell. An international research team led by Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt and Goethe University has now investigated the developmental pathways of blood cells in humans. The results yielded a surprise: Even stem cells possess surface proteins that enable them to suppress the activation of inflammatory and immune responses in the body. This finding is particularly relevant for stem cell transplants, applied for the treatment of e.g. leukemia.

FRANKFURT. Every second, an adult generates around five million new blood cells to replace aging or dying ones, making the blood system a highly regenerative organ. These new blood cells are formed in the bone marrow from unspecialized cells, known as blood stem cells. Through several intermediate stages, these stem cells develop into oxygen-transporting erythrocytes, blood-clotting platelets, and the large group of white blood cells which orchestrate the immune defense. This process, known as differentiation, must be precisely regulated to ensure a balanced production of mature blood cells across all cell types.

An international team of scientists from Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt/Goethe University, University of Gothenburg, and University Hospital Pamplona, led by Prof. Michael Rieger from Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt's Department of Medicine II, has now molecularly decoded the differentiation pathways of human blood stem cells into all specialized blood cell types. Using state-of-the-art sequencing methods, the research team identified gene and protein expression patterns in more than 62,000 individual cells and analyzed the resulting data with high-performance computing.

“We were able to gain an overview of the molecular processes in stem cells and discover new surface proteins that are crucial for the complex interaction between stem cells and their bone marrow environment," explains Rieger. “This provides us with detailed insights into what exactly the unique characteristics of a stem cell are and which genes regulate stem cell differentiation. This newly established technology in my lab will answer many unresolved questions in health research with extraordinary precision."

The researchers uncovered an unexpected finding: “We found a protein called PD-L2 on the surface of blood stem cells, which we know suppresses the immune response of our defense cells – the T cells – by preventing their activation and proliferation and inhibiting the release of inflammatory substances called cytokines," summarizes the study's first author, PhD student Tessa Schmachtel.

PD-L2 likely serves to prevent immune-mediated damage, biologist Schmachtel explains. “This is particularly important for protecting stem cells from potential attacks by reactive T cells and likely plays a key role in stem cell transplantations with grafts from unrelated donors. PD-L2 could help to reduce the body's immune response against the transplanted stem cells."

Rieger is convinced: “Groundbreaking discoveries can only be made on the basis of close interdisciplinary collaboration between physicians, scientists, and bioinformaticians – as practiced at Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt – and through the establishment of international networks."

Publication: Hana Komic, Tessa Schmachtel, Catia Simoes, Marius Külp, Weijia Yu, Adrien Jolly, Malin S. Nilsson, Carmen Gonzalez, Felipe Prosper, Halvard Bonig, Bruno Paiva, Fredrik B. Thorén, Michael A. Rieger: Continuous map of early hematopoietic stem cell differentiation across human lifetime. Nature Communications 16, Article number: 2287 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57096-y

Picture download:
https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/169664741

Captions:
Professor Michael Rieger, Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt and Goethe University. Photo: Uwe Dettmar for Goethe University
Tessa Schmachtel, Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt and Goethe University. Photo: Uwe Dettmar for Goethe University

Further Information:
Professor Michael Rieger
Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology
Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt
Tel: +49 (0)69 6301-84297
m.rieger@em.uni-frankfurt.de
https://lymphoma-leukemia-research-frankfurt.de/ag-rieger-home/rieger-home

Mar 17 2025

13:18

Scientists at Goethe University discover how the oldest enzyme of cellular respiration works – potential applications in removing CO2 from exhaust gases

Without oxygen: How primordial microbes breathed

A team of scientists from Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Marburg and Stockholm University have elucidated an ancient mechanism of cellular respiration. To that end, they studied bacteria that feed on the gases carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and turn them into acetic acid – a metabolic pathway that emerged very early in evolution. The international team has now been able to resolve the mystery of how the microbes use this process to generate energy. Their findings are also interesting for another reason: Since the microorganisms remove CO2 from their environment, they are seen as a beacon of hope in the fight against climate change.

FRANKFURT. Animals, plants and many other living organisms inhale oxygen to “burn" (technically: oxidize) compounds like sugar into CO2 and water – a process during which the energy-rich molecule ATP is produced. Cells require ATP to power vital reactions. In the early phase of our planet's existence, however, the earth's atmosphere did not yet contain any oxygen. Nevertheless, studies of ancient bacteria that still occur today in ecosystems without oxygen, e.g. in hot springs at the bottom of the ocean, suggest that a special form of respiration could have existed even then.

These microorganisms “respire" carbon dioxide and hydrogen into acetic acid. The metabolic pathway with which they do so has been known for some time. The question that remained unanswered until now is how they use this process to produce ATP. The current study now provides an answer. “We were able to show that the production of acetic acid itself activates a sophisticated mechanism as part of which sodium ions are pumped out of the bacterial cell into the environment," explains Prof. Volker Müller, Chair of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics at Goethe University Frankfurt. “This reduces the sodium concentration inside the cell, whereby the cell envelope acts like a kind of dam for the ions. Once this dam is opened, the sodium ions flow back into the cell, driving a kind of molecular turbine that generates ATP."

Cell respiration enzyme isolated just a few years ago

A conglomerate of different proteins known as the Rnf complex plays a key role in this process. These proteins are largely embedded inside the membrane surrounding the bacterial cell. “The complex is so sensitive that we were only able to isolate it a few years ago," Müller emphasizes. When carbon dioxide reacts with hydrogen to form acetic acid, electrons are transferred from the hydrogen to the carbon atom via a series of different intermediate steps, in which the Rnf complex plays a mediating role: it takes up and passes on the electrons.

In the current study, the scientists have now shown what exactly happens during this process. Structural biologist Anuj Kumar – a PhD student in both Müller's research group as well as that of Dr. Jan Schuller at the University of Marburg – used a sophisticated method known as cryo-electron microscopy, as part of which the purified Rnf complex of the Acetobacterium woodii bacterium was “shock-frozen" and then dripped onto a carrier plate. A thin film of ice is created in the process, which contains millions of Rnf complexes that can be observed using an electron microscope. Since they fall onto the carrier plate differently during the dripping process, it is possible to see different sides of them under the microscope.

“These images can be combined into a three-dimensional one, which gave us a precise insight into the structure of the complex – especially those parts that are essential to the transfer of electrons," Kumar explains. The analysis of images taken at different intervals shows that far from being rigid, the individual components of the complex move back and forth dynamically. This allows the electron carriers to bridge longer distances and pass on their cargo.

Fundamentally new mechanism

The question remained: How does the flow of electrons drive the outflow of sodium ions? A molecular dynamics simulation by Prof. Dr. Ville Kaila's working group at Stockholm University provided an initial answer to this question. A key role is played by a cluster of iron and sulphur atoms located in the middle of the membrane, which, after picking up an electron, becomes negatively charged. “The positively charged sodium ions from inside the cell are drawn to this cluster, just like a magnet," explains Jennifer Roth, a doctoral candidate in Müller's research group. “This attraction in turn causes the proteins to shift around the iron-sulphur cluster, much like a rocker switch: they create an opening leading to the outside of the membrane, through which the sodium ions are once again released."

Roth was able to confirm this process by making specific genetic changes to the Rnf proteins. The fact that this fundamentally new mechanism could be elucidated is a testament to the successful cooperation between the three universities. Making the results even more interesting is the microorganisms' ability to absorb CO2 from their environment during the acetic acid production process. This ability could potentially be used to remove greenhouse gases from industrial waste emissions, for example. It could help slow down climate change while simultaneously providing valuable starting materials for the chemical industry. “Once we know how the bacteria generate energy in the process, we may be able to optimize this process in a manner that would allow us to produce even higher-quality end products," is Müller's hope. The findings could also provide starting points for new drugs against pathogens with similar respiratory enzymes.

Publication: Anuj Kumar, Jennifer Roth, Hyunho Kim, Patricia Saura, Stefan Bohn, Tristan Reif-Trauttmansdorff, Anja Schubert, Ville R. I. Kaila, Jan M. Schuller, Volker Müller: Molecular principles of redox-coupled sodium pumping of the ancient Rnf machinery. Nature Communications (2025) https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.21.599731

Background:
How bacteria gain energy through CO2 fixation (2022)
https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/english/e1-million-for-bacterial-research-at-goethe-university-how-bacteria-gain-energy-through-co2-fixation

Oldest enzyme in cellular respiration found (2020)
https://tinygu.de/AeltesteZellatmung

New metabolic pathway discovered in rumen microbiome (2020)
https://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/english/new-metabolic-pathway-discovered-in-rumen-microbiome/

Picture download:
https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/169399806

Captions:
1) The acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii. The arrows indicate the planes of division of the rod-shaped bacterium. Photo: Mayer et al. 1977
2) Structure and electrical connectivity in the Rnf complex of Acetobacterium woodii. Graphic: Kumar et al., 2025
3) The principal investigators: Professor Volker Müller, Professor Ville R.I. Kaila, and Dr. Jan M. Schuller (from left). Photo: private

Further information:
Professor Volker Müller
Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics
Institute for Molecular Biosciences
Goethe University Frankfurt
Tel: +49 (0)69 798-29507
vmueller@bio.uni-frankfurt.de
https://www.mikrobiologie-frankfurt.de/
http://acinetobacter.de

Mar 14 2025

10:00

This year’s Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prizes will be awarded at Frankfurt’s Paulskirche later today

A chance to fight both cancer and inflammation and a prospect for dementia diagnostics

In recognition of their discovery of one of our immune system's foundations, physician Andrea Ablasser, virologist Glen Barber and biochemist Zhijian J. Chen will be awarded the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 2025, endowed with €120,000, in Frankfurt's Paulskirche today. The signaling pathway they discovered protects us like an alarm system against infections or cancer, but at the same time is also susceptible to harmful false alarms. Drugs interfering with this signaling pathway are already being developed. This year's Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Early Career Award goes to biologist Tobias Ackels for his discovery that mammals smell faster than they breathe – which opens a new door to understanding brain function.

FRANKFURT – Neither foreign nor our own DNA has any business in our cells' plasma. Any foreign genetic information that appears here comes from viruses or bacteria, while our own DNA can enter the plasma from the cell nucleus or the cell power plants (mitochondria) as a result of cancer or cellular stress. The cGAS sensor recognizes this danger: When it encounters DNA in the plasma, it clasps it and forms the messenger substance cGAMP, which – after docking onto the signal transducer STING –then triggers a defense reaction of the immune system. cGAS and cGAMP were discovered by Zhijian J. Chen, STING by Glen Barber. Andrea Ablasser characterized cGAMP in detail and synthesized the first STING inhibitor. Many biotech and pharmaceutical companies are now working on developing cGAS and STING antagonists, which could prove to be effective agents against diseases in which the cGAS-STING alarm is falsely directed against the patient's own body. A cGAS antagonist for the treatment of the widespread autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus is due to enter phase II clinical trials this spring. Conversely, almost 20 STING activators that enhance the effect of established cancer immunotherapies are currently in early phases of clinical development worldwide. By triggering the DNA alarm, these activators are capable of transforming so-called “cold tumors" that do not respond to checkpoint inhibitors alone into “hot tumors" that are susceptible to immune attack and can be destroyed by T cells. “With the discovery and mapping of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, the award winners have opened up completely new approaches to drug research," explains Thomas Boehm, Chairman of Paul Ehrlich Foundation's Scientific Council. “This opens up the possibility for medicine to treat infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases more effectively than before."

Olfaction is fundamentally different from all other senses, as it is closely linked to emotions and memories. A “sniff" was previously considered to be the smallest information processing unit for odors – an assumption that has now been disproved by the winner of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Early Career Award. Using a self-constructed odor delivery device, Tobias Ackels experimentally recorded for the first time how mice perceive odors. He discovered that they smell faster than they breathe. The nocturnal animals can extract new information from dynamic scent clouds up to 40 times per second, using tiny time intervals to derive an image of the space. Since smell is the most primal sense in evolutionary terms, understanding it is probably key to unlocking the functioning of the entire brain. This applies in particular to the connection between smell and memory, which Ackels is researching. Olfactory disorders could serve as biomarkers for the early detection of dementia.

Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 2025
https://tinygu.de/TnboZ

Andrea Ablasser, born in 1983, is Professor of Life Sciences at the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. https://www.epfl.ch/labs/ablasserlab/

Glen Barber, born in 1962, is a professor in the Department of Surgery at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, where he heads the Center for Innate Immunity and Inflammation.
https://cancer.osu.edu/for-cancer-researchers/research/research-labs/barber-lab

Zhijian J. Chen, born in 1966, is George L. MacGregor Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Science, Howard Hughes Medical Investigator and Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, USA. https://labs.utsouthwestern.edu/chen-zhijian-james-lab

Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Early Career Award 2025
https://tinygu.de/37zZi

Tobias Ackels, born in 1984, is a W2 professor at the Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognitive Research at the University of Bonn and heads the “Sensory Dynamics and Behavior" group. https://ackelslab.com

Further information
Press office of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation
Joachim Pietzsch
Phone: +49 (0)69 36007188
E-mail: j.pietzsch@wissenswort.com

Mar 11 2025

11:39

Researchers from Goethe University and its partners investigate the influence ozone and water vapor have on the troposphere and stratosphere

Tracking climate change: research flights over the Arctic

The Arctic is one of the regions most affected by climate change; temperatures in this region have risen by about four times the global average in recent decades. The ASCCI measurement campaign coordinated by Goethe University Frankfurt and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is researching why the Arctic is warming up so much more than the rest of the Earth's surface, and what effects this has. The researchers hope that ongoing measurement flights in the region – scheduled to run until the beginning of April – will help them better understand the causes and effects of Arctic climate change.

FRANKFURT. The main question the ASCCI (Arctic Springtime Chemistry-Climate Investigations) measurement campaign seeks to answer is how ozone and water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere – i.e. at altitudes between around five and 15 kilometers – themselves influence and are in turn influenced by Arctic climate change. To this end, the campaign specifically investigates the processes taking place in spring, including the depletion of stratospheric ozone. The density of the ozone layer above the Arctic fluctuates over the course of the year and can thin out in spring when chemical and meteorological conditions coincide.

“There are warmer and colder winters in the stratosphere; the variability from one year to another is quite normal. What we are also witnessing is that the stratosphere is getting increasingly colder due to the rise in greenhouse gases, while temperatures on the ground and in the troposphere continue to increase," says Professor Björn-Martin Sinnhuber from KIT's Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, who is coordinating the campaign together with Goethe University Frankfurt's Professor Andreas Engel. In years with a cold stratosphere especially, processes occur that resemble those of the Antarctic ozone hole, and a significant part of the Arctic ozone layer can be destroyed.

“This winter has so far been characterized by unusually cold conditions in the Arctic stratosphere, i.e. the layer of air above about 10 kilometers. Although the concentrations of many chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere are declining as a result of international regulations, since these gases are very long-lived in the atmosphere, this process takes a very long time," says Engel. “The measurements we conduct at Goethe University quantify how much ozone-depleting chlorine and bromine is present in the stratosphere – and the data show that this amount suffices to trigger chemical processes in these cold conditions, which in turn can lead to ozone depletion." At the same time, following the eruption of the Hunga-Tonga underwater volcano three years ago, there is still significantly more water in the stratosphere than normal, says Engel. As part of the ASCCI measurement campaign, the researchers also want to investigate how this affects the ozone layer.

In spring, air pollutants in particular are transported into the Arctic, where they can act as short-lived greenhouse gases. The campaign seeks to better understand these processes using targeted measurements. The measurement flights will be carried out with the HALO research aircraft, which is stationed in Kiruna in northern Sweden until April.

Better understanding ozone depletion in the Arctic and its influence on the mid-latitudes

On board HALO, Goethe University operates a proprietary device that measures a variety of halogenated gases, which in turn are the source of the ozone-depleting chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. “We want to understand how the chlorine and bromine released from the halogenated gases affect the ozone in the Arctic stratosphere, and whether this also has an impact on the mid-latitudes in which we live," Engel explains. “If air from the Arctic with a low ozone content is mixed with that prevailing in our mid-latitudes, this can also impact the ozone shield above us, which protects us from the sun's dangerous UV radiation."

In addition to Goethe University Frankfurt and KIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich, German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the universities of Heidelberg, Mainz and Wuppertal are also part of the ASCCI campaign.

About HALO

The research aircraft HALO (High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft) is a joint initiative of German environmental and climate research institutions. HALO is funded by grants from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Research Foundation (DFG), Helmholtz Association, Max Planck Society, Leibniz Association, the free state of Bavaria, KIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich and German Aerospace Center (DLR), which acts as both the aircraft's owner and operator.

Background information
ASCCI measuring campaign: https://halo-research.de/sience/halo-missions/current-missions/ascci/
HALO research aircraft: https://www.dlr.de/en/research-and-transfer/projects-and-missions/halo-high-altitude-and-long-range-research-aircraft

Picture download:
http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/168920497

Caption: The HALO research aircraft lands in Kiruna, Sweden. The research flights over the Arctic take off from there. The photo is from an earlier mission. Photo: DLR (CC BY-ND 3.0)

Further information
Professor Andreas Engel
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
Goethe University Frankfurt
Tel: + 49 (0)69 798-40259
an.engel@iau.uni-frankfurt.de
Web: http://www.geo.uni-frankfurt.de/iau

Press releases

Goethe University PR & Communication Department

5,700-Year Storm Archive Shows Rise in Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the Caribbean

Nursery of the Blood: How Stem Cells Calm the Body’s Immune Response

Without oxygen: How primordial microbes breathed

A chance to fight both cancer and inflammation and a prospect for dementia diagnostics

Tracking climate change: research flights over the Arctic